ST-MAARTEN'S GARNET

GARNETS IN THE FRENCH OVERSEAS TERRITORIES THE ISLAND OF SAINT MARTIN

 The garnets collected comefrom the site at Friar's Bay, very precisely located on the banks of Guichardpond and on a hill (locally known as a morne) above the Saint Louis ravine,near Friar's Bay beach (200 - 300 meters = 218 - 328 feet).

We see a  concentration of pyropes in a deposit locatedon the right of the path leading to the beach. Then, continuing toward Guichardpond, if we go up a little hill, we find both spessartites and "essonites"associated with quartz and hematite. In fact, it is thanks to the outcrop of asmall vein of hematite that I discovered the presence of garnets.

Returning down to Guichard pond (which is dry 4 to 5 months per years), we find almandite and pyrope included in some rocks forming low, dry-stone walls along the pond. 

A perpendicular ascent on another hill enables us to find the same garnets here, which indicates that the rocks in the wall come from within 350 meters (383 yards). 

The garnets collected range in size from millimeters to centimeters (almandite).

We have perfectly formed grossularite crystals, of a characteristic yellow-green.

I believe the parent rocks consist of a series of eclogite, mica schist and peridotite, but this remains to be confirmed. 

What should be remembered isthat, in a 1 square kilometer  (0.38 sq.mi.) sector, we find outcrops with a significant quantity of good-sized garnets(grossulars, pyropes, almandites, spessartites), some of which show perfectcrystallization (24-faced trapezohedrons, dodecahedrons 12 faces).   

Stephen Durif

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin_(%C3%AEle)

Geology :

Cet arc est une conséquence de la subduction de la plaque Atlantique sous la plaque Caraïbe. This arc is a consequence of the subduction of the Atlantic plate under the Caribbean plate.

Le volcanisme engendré il ya cinquante millions d'années ( Éocène ) a rapproché le fond marin de la luminosité de la surface des eaux, ce qui, dès les 40 mètres de profondeur, a permis il ya 36 millions d'années . Volcanism produced there are fifty million years ( Eocene ) near the seabed has the brightness of the surface of the water, which, from the depth of 40 meters, it has 36 million years ago. (durant l' Oligocène ) le développement du récif corallien , augmentant ainsi les dépôts de calcaire sur la plate-forme sédimentaire submergée d' Anguilla dite « banc d'Anguille ». (During the Oligocene ) the development of coral reef , increasing deposits limestone on the platform sedimentary submerged of Anguilla called "bench eel." Ce sont les sols les plus anciens, avec les calcaires durs en strates type Pointe Blanche (sis au port de la zone néerlandaise), le mont Billy Folly (sis à Lay bay) et l'île Tintamarre avec ses cristaux de sélénite ( gypse ) et ses fossiles marins, puis la formation tabulaire carbonatée des Terres basses (presqu'île rattachée par les cordons de sable de Simsonbaai et de la baie Nettlé) avec ses porphyres pourpres des Mornes rouges. These are the oldest soils, with hard limestone in layers such Pointe Blanche (located at the port of Dutch area), Mount Billy Folly (located at Lay bay) and Tintamarre island with its crystal selenite ( gypsum ) and fossil marine training and tabular carbonate of Lowlands (peninsula attached by cords sand and Simsonbaai Nettle Bay) with its porphyry Mornes of purple red.

Par la suite, au début du Néogène , il ya environ 23 millions d'années, la formation géologique de l'île se complique par l'intrusion d'une poussée volcanique à travers le « banc d'Anguilla ». Subsequently, in the early Neogene , there are about 23 million years, the geological formation of the island is complicated by the intrusion of volcanic push through the "bench Anguilla." C'est ce qui a donné l'ossature centrale des mornes actuellement les plus élevés. This is what gave the central backbone of the hills currently the highest.

Enfin, il ya environ 10 millions d'années vers la fin du Miocène (milieu de l'ex- Tertiaire ), l'île a commencé à émerger de l'océan. Finally, there are about 10 million years in the late Miocene (middle of the ex- Tertiary ), the island began to emerge from the ocean. C'était aussi l'émergence de Toumaï , le possible plus ancien ancêtre humanoïde retrouvé à ce jour. It was also the emergence of Toumai , the possible oldest humanoid ancestor found to date.

Les cordons de sable littoraux se sont formés lors de l' Holocène (ex- Quaternaire ) et évoluent encore de nos jours. Cords sandy coastlines are formed during the Holocene (ex- Quaternary ) and still evolving today.

La superficie de l'île et ses contours ont varié en fonction du niveau de la mer (-110m/+40m) en conséquence des transgressions marines dues aux variations des glaciations sur le globe. The area of the island and its contours have varied depending on the sea level (-110m / m 40) as a result of marine transgressions due to variations glaciations on the globe. Donc il ya 12 000 ans et à plusieurs reprises auparavant l'île a été réunie en un seul bloc avec les îles sœurs Anguilla et Saint-Barthélemy situées sur le même banc sous-marin actuellement à une profondeur moyenne de -40 m à -60 m. So there are 12 000 years and several times before the island was united in a single block with the Sister Islands Anguilla and St. Barts located on the same bench submarine currently at an average depth of -40 m to -60 m. Pour une profondeur isobathe à 70 mètres ce bloc devait couvrir une surface de 4 650 km ² environ, soit 53 fois l'île actuelle ou encore la moitié de l'île Porto Rico A depth isobath to 70 meters this block should cover an area of 4650 km ^2, or 53 times the actual island or half of the island Puerto Rico

Le sol des mornes de l'île (aux sommets ou sur les pentes) sont jonchés de boulders ^{[ 2 ]} et de restes de platiers coralliens. The soil of the hills of the island (peaks or slopes) are littered with boulders ^[2] and remains flats reefs. Sous une très fine couche d' humus , le sous-sol est principalement composé de tufs volcano-sédimentaires et de roches métamorphiques à structure grenue ( diorite , péridotite , gabbro , andésite , etc). In a very thin layer of humus , the basement is mainly composed of tuff volcano-sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with granular structure ( diorite , peridotite , gabbro , andesite , etc.). Par endroit émergent des dykes de basalte pourpre (Mont Fortune, Fort Louis, etc). Place by emerging dykes of basalt purple (Mont Fortune, Fort Louis, etc).

A la Pointe Arago , on peut observer en littoral une formation particulière relevée par le géologue Denis Westercamp : il s'agit de « pillow-lavas » (ou roches en coussin) issus directement de laves solidifiées sous la mer. A la Pointe Arago, can be observed in coastal special training identified by the geologist Denis Westercamp : it is " pillow lavas "(or rocks cushion) directly from lava solidified under the sea

On trouve des cristaux de grenats dans la ravine du hameau Saint-Louis. Found crystals of garnet in the ravine of the hamlet of Saint-Louis.

Island Info The island of Sint Maarten/Saint Martin, the island of smiles, situated in theNorth Eastern Caribbean at 63' 5' West Longitude and 18' 1' North Latitude, isofficially named the ìFriendly Islandî by the many visitors that return eachyear to enjoy their vacation on the island. As a result of its location, the island has a beautiful tropical climate, withsummer-like conditions all year round. With its many hills crowned by PicParadis, some 1399 feet (424 meters) above sea level, this little isle embracedby the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, with more than 30 days is worth avisit. Its people consisting of many nationalities and speaking three or morelanguages are always around to assist in a hospitable manner. Although Dutch isthe official language on the Dutch Side and French on the French Side of theisland, English is spoken by almost everyone. The dual nationality adds varietyto this most unique island gem in the Caribbean Sea. First Inhabitants Sint Maarten/Saint Martin was called Sualouiga, salt lands, by the Amerindians.Sint Maarten/Saint Martin and the neighbouring islands Saint Barths andAnguilla once formed one very large island. The Anguilla Bank outlines theshape and size of this former land mass of about 4650 km2 (1795 square miles)of which only 250 km2 lies above sea level. Through the melting of the polarice in the glacial era in the North, the sea level rose gradually to about 120feet, flooding the lowlands and dividing this large mass into the three islandsSint Maarten/Saint Martin, Anguilla and Saint Barths. Several sites on the island prove the existence of Amerindian occupation orpresence on the island. Dr. J. Hartog mentions six known sites on the island.Other sites are mentioned by Hyacinth Conner and others. The latest discoveriesby the brothers Dr. F. Petit and Dr. M. Petit will probably shed new light onthis pre-colombian era.

The Arawaks and Caribs roamed these islands between 800 an 1500 A.D. They introduced peanut, cassava, sweet potato, tobacco, cotton, avocado to the Europeans. The Arawaks were gentle, settled, peaceful people and lived from vegetables, fruit and seafood. Beautiful pieces of pottery were found at different sites on the island such as Cupecoy, Simpsonbay, French Quarter and Pic Paradis. The Caribs who came later to the islands chased the Arawaks away. They were hunters, "ate their captives and enslaved the females". These Caribs were new to the region and had been preceded by various tribes often more advanced than they were.

Discovery of Sint Maarten/ Saint Martin

On November 10th, 1493 Christopher Columbus weighed anchor and sailing with his feet towards the North West from Guadeloupe in search of Hispaniola, he discovered several islands. On the 11th of November 1493, Sualouiga was renamed Sint Martin, it being the feast day of Saint Martin of Tours. Other European countries such as England, Holland and France followed the example of Spain and came to the West. In the beginning of the 17th century the French, forced from Saint Kitts by the Spaniards, took refuge here. They formed the first European permanent settlement on the island. They picked salt in Grand Case and cultivated tobacco in French Quarter.

Sualouiga, the Amerindian name for Sint Maarten/Saint Martin, meaning Land of Salt is appropriate since salt has been the longest sustained industrial effort on the island. Salt is the main reason why the Dutch settled here in 1631, making Sint Maarten the first Dutch colony in the Caribbean. The Dutch lost no time and within a few months they had salt picked in the Great Salt Pond, cleaned and ready to ship to Holland. Their first homes were built and by 1632 they had a small fort where the remains of Fort Amsterdam currently exist. The Dutch not known as settlers but as traders were doing well and soon were trading salt and tobacco produced by the French colony as well.

In 1633 the Spaniards returned and kicked-out both the French and Dutch from the island. In 1644 Peter Stuyvesant, who later became Director of New Amsterdam (now New York) led a force of 800 Dutch soldiers and tried to re-capture the island, but besides loosing the battle, he also lost his leg. Spain whose main interest was gold, did very little to make life livable on theisland. In 1648 the Spaniards left the island.

After a struggle between the French and the Dutch an agreement was reached on the division of the Land of Salt. On March 23rd, 1648 on Mont des Accords (Mount Concordia), the partition Treaty was signed, justifying the presence of the French and the Dutch and dividing the island into two colonies. This agreement, signed by Commander Martin Thomas and Robert de Lonvilliers, has made peaceful co-existence possible for over three centuries. The monument on the boundary-line commemorates the success of this event.

Legend: How the Island was Divided

A British satirist tells the following legend of how the French came into possession of the larger part of the island. Each commander selected a strong man from his forces. They were placed back to back at a fixed spot and ordered to march around the island in opposite directions. Where they met again would settle the opposite end of the boundary line. The Frenchman took his water bottle and stick and departed. The Dutchman also took his water bottle and stick, but carried along, on the sly, a flask of good old Dutch gin.

As they continued their journey, the Frenchman quenched his thirst with water, but the Dutchman added a rightful portion of gin to his. Overcome by the heat, he stopped to take a nap in the shade of a tree and fell sound asleep. His opponent in the meantime advanced several miles in his own direction, which proved detrimental to the Dutch. This is the reason why the northern French part of the island is larger.

Dutch and French Ear After

From the time of the Caribs, who called the island Sualouiga, land of salt, Sint Maarten/Saint Martin was primarily known for its salt. Salt was badly needed for Hollands's herring industry and after the defeat of Portugal by Spain 1580, the Portuguese salt pans were no longer available for the Dutch, due to the fact that Holland and Spain were at war with each other. This is the reason the Dutch came to Sint Maartren/Saint Martin. Until approximately 1940 salt was the main export product, besides fish and lobster. Sint Maarten's salt was exported to all parts of the world: Holland, U.S.A., Canada and South America.

The women cleaned the salt untill it became white. Men broke up the salt and put it on flat-bottomed boats (flats), and pushed the flats to the edge of the pond, where-after the women carried the salt on their heads in baskets to the big piles of salt in Backstreet.

Afterwards workers filled bags and the salt was put on oxcarts and taken to the beach, where usually boys (ages 9 to 13) passed the bags from one to the other to small boats, which took the salt to the schooners in the Great Bay Harbour.

The same happened in Grand Case. Sometimes there were two yields a year. All depended on the rainfall. In the 18th and 19th century sugarcane and cotton were the most important crops on the island and fields of sugarcane and cotton covered the hills. Rockwell's built from rocks obtained when the land was cleared, divided the parcels. They can still be seen in many districts on the island, such as: Dutch and French Cul de Sac, Fort Willem Hill and Upper

Princess Quarter. There were 35 sugar mills on the Dutch Side compared to 27 on the French side.

Development After

Between the two World Wars the economy of the island was at its lowest point. Many men left the island to work in the oil-refineries in Aruba and Cara¡ao. Some left for the Dominican Republic to work in the sugar plantations. Many "old St. Martiners" settled themselves in the New York area and fought on

the side of the Allies in the 1st and 2nd World Wars. Later many "St. Martiners" also fought in the Vietnam War.

After the 1950's the tourist-industry grew to life. First on the Dutch side, later the French side followed.

Tourism and tourism related activities are the main source of income for the island. Cruise tourism and resort/stay-over tourism are steadily growing. The friendly, always sunny island, of Sint Maarten/Saint Martin attracts many tourists yearly through the friendliness of its people, the attractive duty-free shops in Philipsburg and Marigot, the luxurious hotels and casinos, the snowy white beaches and light blue crystal clear waters. "St. Martiners" are proud to welcome tourists to their island.

The official currency is the Dutch Antillean guilder on the Dutch side and the Euro on the French side, but the U.S. dollar is still the most usual means of payment on both sides of the island.